Introduction/Objective: entrepreneurship has emerged as a key driver for personal growth and economic development across various fields. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Intentions Scale among young university students.

Methodology: this psychometric research included 519 university students from the state of Morelos, Mexico, with 40% male and 60% female participants, aged 18 to 29 years
(SD = 4.257). Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to assess the scale’s structure and validity.

Results: the analyses confirmed a unifactorial structure consistent with the proposed theoretical model. Additionally, the findings demonstrated adequate reliability (Omega) and convergent validity indicators, supporting the robustness of the scale.

Conclusions: the findings suggest that the Entrepreneurial Intentions Scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring entrepreneurial intentions in young individuals. Its relevance as an instrument for future research in diverse educational and cultural contexts is underscored.

---

Keywords:
Entrepreneurship,
competency development,
university students,
higher education,
psychometrics,
entrepreneurial intentions,
psychometric measurement,
scale validation.

05_RSN_16(34)_49_Estudio

Abzhan, Z., Bekzhanova, T., Nukesheva, A., Abdurakhmanov, M., Aitkhozhina, L., & Bulkhairova, Z. (2020). Peculiarities of youth unemployment: A case study. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(4), 3438-3454. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.7.4(57)

Ahmad, S., & Bajwa, I. A. (2023). The role of social entrepreneurship in socio-economic development: A meta-analysis of the nascent field. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15(1), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2021-0165

Aitzhanova, D., Begentayev, M., Mukhanova, G., Antoni, A., Csiszárik-Kocsir, Á., Orazymbetova, A., & Kiss, F. (2024). Success factors of youth entrepreneurship projects based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy method on the example of Kazakhstan. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 21(11).

Ajzen, I. (1991). La teoría del comportamiento planificado. Comportamiento Organizacional y Procesos de Decisión Humana, 50(2), 179-211.

Alonso-Conde, A. B., Rentas, S., & Rojo-Suárez, J. (2019). Analysis of the role of business incubators in the entrepreneurial ecosystem: The case of the United States and Spain. In 12^th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (pp. 11171-11175). IATED. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2019.2759

Aloulou, W. J. (2022). The influence of institutional context on entrepreneurial intention: Evidence from the Saudi young community. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 16(5), 677-698.

Al-Qadasi, N., Zhang, G., Al-Jubari, I., Al-Awlaqi, M. A., & Aamer, A. M. (2024). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour: Do self-efficacy and attitude matter? The International Journal of Management Education, 22(1), 100945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100945

Anjum, T., Farrukh, M., Heidler, P., & Tautiva, J. A. D. (2021a). Entrepreneurial intention: Creativity, entrepreneurship, and university support. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010011

Anjum, T., Heidler, P., Amoozegar, A., & Anees, R. T. (2021b). The impact of entrepreneurial passion on the entrepreneurial intention; moderating impact of perception of university support. Administrative Sciences, 11(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11020045

Anokhin, S., Morgan, T., Jones Christensen, L., & Schulze, W. (2023). Local context and post‐crisis social venture creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 17(1), 40-60.

Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., Chowdhury, F., & Desai, S. (2022). Necessity or opportunity? Government size, tax policy, corruption, and implications for entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 58(4), 2025-2042.

Aziz, M. R., & Salloum, C. (2023). How cultural leadership ideals shape entrepreneurship? European Business Review, 35(5), 797-813.

Baier-Fuentes, H., Hormiga, E., Amorós, J., & Urbano, D. (2018). The influence of human and relational capital on the rapid internationalization of firms: A comparative studey between Spain and Chile. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 31(4), 679-700. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-12-2016-0333

Batista-Canino, R. M., Santana-Hernández, L., & Medina-Brito, P. (2024). A holistic literature review on entrepreneurial Intention: A scientometric approach. Journal of Business Research, 174, 114480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114480

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage.

Cai, Y., Ma, J., & Chen, Q. (2020). Higher education in innovation ecosystems. Sustainability, 12(11), 4376. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114376

Cea, M. (1996). Metodología cuantitativa: estrategias y técnicas de investigación social. Proyecto Editorial: Síntesis Sociología. https://www.trabajosocial.unlp.edu.ar/uploads/docs/metodologia_cuantitativa__estrategias_y_tecnicas_de_investigacion_social___cea_d_ancona.pdf

Chen, W. D. (2023). Crowdfunding for social ventures. Social Enterprise Journal, 19(3), 256-276.

Chlebiej, J. (2023). Entrepreneurial competences of management students. European Management Studies, 20(4), 110-134. https://doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.98.5

Cole, J. C., Motivala, S. J., Khanna, D., Lee, J. Y., Paulus, H. E., & Irwin, M. R. (2005). Validation of single-factor structure and scoring protocol for the health assessment questionnaire-disability index. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 53(4), 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21325

Cueva, A. B. C., Álvarez, P. M., & González-Morales, O. (2021). Las políticas de emprendimiento en México. Revista Internacional de Política Económica, 3(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.7203/IREP.3.1.21248

De Castro, A. B. C., & De Castro, S. A. (2021). Educação econômica e financeira: proposta de diretrizes pedagógicas para o ensino superior tecnológico economic and financial education. Proposed pedagogical guidelines for technological higher education. Brazilian Journal of Development, 7(9), 90691-90706.

De Lourdes Cárcamo-Solís, M., del Pilar Arroyo-López, M., del Carmen Álvarez-Castañón, L., & García-López, E. (2017). Developing entrepreneurship in primary schools. The Mexican experience of “My first enterprise: Entrepreneurship by playing”. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.013

Del Arco, I., & Muñoz, M. (2024). Construction and validation of an entrepreneurship measurement instrument for nursing students. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 42(1), e12. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v42n1e12

Durán, M., Alzate, M., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2009). La influencia de la norma personal y la teoría de la conducta planificada en la separación de residuos. Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano, 10(1-2), 27-39.

Fiet, J. O. (2002). The systematic search for entrepreneurial discoveries. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attituak, intention and behavior. Addison-Wesley.

Floris, M., Dettori, A., & Reginato, E. (2023). Budding entrepreneurs. The role of university in spreading early entrepreneurial mindset in school kids. National Accounting Review, 5(1), 86-107. https://hdl.handle.net/11584/357602}

Franke, N., & Lüthje, C. (2004). Entrepreneurial intentions of business students—A benchmarking study. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 1(03), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877004000209

Fuentes, R., Lagarda, A. M., & Anaya, Y. Z. (2023). Entrepreneurship by necessity and opportunity in the Mexican states during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 28(04), 2350028. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946723500280

García, K. M. G., Espinosa, M. A., & Argumedo, E. A. (2023). El aprendizaje basado en retos como estrategia para el desarrollo de habilidades enfocadas al emprendimiento. Atenas, (61). https://atenas.umcc.cu/index.php/atenas/article/view/639

García-Álvarez, J., Vázquez-Rodríguez, A., Quiroga-Carrillo, A., & Priegue Caamaño, D. (2022). Transversal competencies for employability in university graduates: A systematic review from the employers’ perspective. Education Sciences, 12(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030204

García-Rodríguez, F. J., Gutiérrez-Taño, D., & Ruiz-Rosa, I. (2019). Analysis of the potential of entrepreneurship education in young children. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2017-0064

Gieure, C., del Mar Benavides-Espinosa, M., & Roig-Dobón, S. (2019). Entrepreneurial intentions in an international university environment. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(8), 1605-1620. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2018-0810

González-Moreno, Á., López Muñoz, L., & Pérez Morote, R. (2019). The role of higher education in development of entrepreneurial competencies: Some insights from Castilla-La Mancha university in Spain. Administrative Sciences, 9(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010016

González, D. C. C., Sagahón, F. J. V., & Negrete, L. E. Z. (2022). Análisis de factores determinantes de emprendimiento social en jóvenes universitarios. Apuntes Universitarios, 12(3), 326-348. https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v12i3.1134

Hahn, D., Minola, T., Bosio, G., & Cassia, L. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education on university students’ entrepreneurial skills: A family embeddedness perspective. Small Business Economics, 55, 257-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00143-y

Hair, J., William, B., Barry, B., & Rolph, A. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice-Hall.

Hassan, H. K. (2020). Intention towards social entrepreneurship of university students in an emerging economy: The influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurship education. On the Horizon, 28(3), 133-151.

Herani, R., Angela, J., & Nastiti, T. (2024). Paving the path to youth green entrepreneurship: Activism, education or both? Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 29(01), 2450005. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946724500055

Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2010). Nacimiento de un proyecto de investigación cuantitativa, cualitativa o mixta: la idea. Metodología de la investigación (5ª. ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Iglesias-Sánchez, P. P., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., & de las Heras-Pedrosa, C. (2019). Training entrepreneurial competences with open innovation paradigm in higher education. Sustainability, 11(17), 4689. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174689

Imanuella, S. F., Idris, A., & Kamaruddin, N. (2024). Social entrepreneurship and rural development in post-independence Indonesia. Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print – No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-12-2023-0155

Juárez, N. C., Urdal, H., & Vadlamannati, K. C. (2022). The significance of age structure, education, and youth unemployment for explaining subnational variation in violent youth crime in Mexico. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 39(1), 49-73.

Khanin, D., Rosenfield, R., Mahto, R. V., & Singhal, C. (2022). Barriers to entrepreneurship: Opportunity recognition vs. opportunity pursuit. Review of Managerial Science, 16(4), 1147-1167.

Laguía, A., Moriano, J. A., Molero, F., & Gámez, J. A. (2017). Validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-1.vcie

Lai, L. S., & To, W. M. (2020). E-Entrepreneurial intention among young Chinese adults. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 28(1), 119-137.

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.0031

Liu, J., Hu, J., Wu, D., & Chen, J. (2024). Patterns of technological entrepreneurship and their determinants: Evidence from technology-based manufacturing firms in China. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 14(3), 1259-1278. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0256

López, P. G. L. (2023). Las políticas públicas y el emprendimiento en el ámbito educativo. Revista de Climatología, 23 (edición especial Ciencias Sociales), 3963-3971. https://rclimatol.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Articulo-RCLIMCS23_Patricia.pdf

Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods, 38(1), 88-91. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192753

Mahmood, T. M. A. T., Mamun, A. A., & Ibrahim, M. D. (2020). Attitude towards entrepreneurship: A study among Asnaf Millennials in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 2-14.

Malmström, M., & Öqvist, A. (2021). Constructing an entrepreneurial identity: How enterprise intentions among young people are motivationally formed. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 14(1), 187-224. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2017-0165

Martínez-González, J. A., Kobylinska, U., García-Rodríguez, F. J., & Nazarko, L. (2019). Antecedents of entrepreneurial intention among young people: Model and regional evidence. Sustainability, 11(24), 6993.

McDonald, R. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Meoli, A., Fini, R., Sobrero, M., & Wiklund, J. (2020). How entrepreneurial intentions influence entrepreneurial career choices: The moderating influence of social context. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(3), 105982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105982

Mohammad-Shafiee, M., Warkentin, M., & Motamed, S. (2023). Do human capital and relational capital influence knowledge-intensive firm competitiveness? The roles of export orientation and marketing knowledge capability. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2022-0921

Moscoso-Paucarchuco, K. M., Gutiérrez-Gómez, E., Beraún-Espíritu, M. M., González-Ríos, R. C., & Cárdenas-Bustamante, M. A. (2023). Emprendimiento juvenil universitario en el Perú: capacidades potenciales y efectivas. Universidad y Sociedad, 15(S2), 677-687.

Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2017). Mplus. In Handbook of item response theory (pp. 507-518). Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Nayak, P. M., Nayak, M., & Joshi, H. G. (2024). Exploring entrepreneurial intentions: Integrating Kolb’s experiential learning theory with Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2382283. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2382283

Nikraftar, T., Hosseini, E., & Mohammadi, E. (2022). The factors influencing technological entrepreneurship in nanotechnology businesses. Revista de Gestão, 29(1), 76-99.

Nsereko, I. (2020). Conditional resource and social entrepreneurial action: The mediating role of social entrepreneurial intent. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(5), 1057-1079. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-05-2020-0106

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.

Ordeñana, X., Vera-Gilces, P., Zambrano-Vera, J., & Amaya, A. (2020). Does all entrepreneurship matter? The contribution of entrepreneurial activity to economic growth. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 33(1), 25-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-11-2018-0256

Quintano-Méndez, F., Morales-Pizarro, J., Balmaceda-Gallardo, I., Manríquez-Bravo, G., & Riquelme-Segura, L. (2024). Perfil emprendedor en estudiantes de educación superior chilenos. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 23(1), 1-24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387210996_Perfil_emprendedor_en_estudiantes_de_educacion_superior_chilenosEntrepreneurial_profile_among_Chilean_higher_education_studentsPerfil_empreendedor_em_estudantes_chilenos_do_ensino_superior

Raja, M. W. (2022). A comparative content analysis on the determinants of social and commercial entrepreneurs: A qualitative approach on Nvivo. Reviews of Management Sciences, 4(2), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.53909/rms.04.02.0184

Rajković, J., Nikolić, M., Brtka, V., Terek, E., Kovačić, S., & Tasić, I. (2023). Big Five, entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions. European Journal of International Management, 20(3), 475-507.

Ramírez Lozano, J. P., Marquina Feldman, P. S., & Peñaflor Guerra, R. (2024). Characteristics of the leaders of social and environmental enterprises in Latin America and the relationship with the success of their businesses. Management Research. Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-02-2023-1382

Reales, M. M. (2019). Marketing individual: herramienta para el emprendimiento de jóvenes universitarios. CICAG. Revista del Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Administrativas y Gerenciales, 16(2), 3-16.

Reynolds, P. D. (2017). Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) program: Development, focus, and impact. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.156

Reynolds, P. D. (2024). Gender and business creation: Similarities and differences. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-05-2024-0182

Rodríguez-Puello, G., Chávez, A., & Trujillo, M. P. (2022). Youth unemployment during economic shocks: Evidence from the metal-mining prices super cycle in Chile. Resources Policy, 79, 102943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102943

Román, H., Gaete, J. M., Alegría, M., & Ilabaca, P. (2022). Barriers to studying and working: A new look at the NEET concept in Chile. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 41(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2022.2041746

Rueda, S., Moriano, J. A., & Liñán, F. (2015). Validating a theory of planned behavior questionnaire to measure entrepreneurial intentions. In Developing, shaping and growing entrepreneurship (pp. 60-78). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784713584.00010

Sajjad, A., & Talat, A. (2024). Underdog entrepreneurship: A model to predict the success of poor entrepreneurs. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. Vol. ahead-of-print – No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2023-0262

Salavou, H. E., Chalkos, G., & Lioukas, S. (2021). Linkages between entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship education: New evidence on the gender imbalance. Education+ Training, 63(6), 906-919.

Schumacker, E., & Lomax, G. (2016). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (4^th Ed.). Routledge.

Senaratne, M., Zimbroff, A., & Stevens, J. T. (2021). An instrument to assess Blue Economy entrepreneurship ecosystems: A case study from the Seychelles. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 17(2), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2021.1969516

Sepúlveda, J., Denegri, M., Orellana, L., Criado, N., Mendoza, J., Salazar, P., & Yung, G. (2017). Características emprendedoras personales y alfabetización económica: una comparación entre estudiantes universitarios del sur de Chile. Interdisciplinaria, 34(1), 107-124. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/180/18052925007/html/

She, L., Waheed, H., Lim, W. M., & E-Vahdati, S. (2023). Young adults’ financial well-being: Current insights and future directions. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 41(2), 333-368.

Soomro, B. A., Memon, M., & Shah, N. (2021). Attitudes towards entrepreneurship among the students of Thailand: An entrepreneurial attitude orientation approach. Education+ Training, 63(2), 239-255.

Syed, I., Butler, J. C., Smith, R. M., & Cao, X. (2020). From entrepreneurial passion to entrepreneurial intentions: The role of entrepreneurial passion, innovativeness, and curiosity in driving entrepreneurial intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 109758.

Tunio, M. N., Chaudhry, I. S., Shaikh, S., Jariko, M. A., & Brahmi, M. (2021). Determinants of the sustainable entrepreneurial engagement of youth in developing country—An empirical evidence from Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(14), 7764.

Valiente, O., Zancajo, A., & Jacovkis, J. (2020). The coordination of skill supply and demand in the market model of skill formation: Testing the assumptions for the case of Chile. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(1), 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2019.1678692

Van Meerkerk, E. (2022). The cultural entrepreneurship scorecard: An instrument for assessing cultural institutions. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 52(4), 231-248.

Vandor, P., & Franke, N. (2016). See Paris and… found a business? The impact of cross-cultural experience on opportunity recognition capabilities. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(4), 388-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.03.003

Vankov, D., Kozma, D., Galanternik, M., Chiers, J., Vankov, B., & Wang, L. (2022). Understanding the predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of young people from Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, and Romania. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 9(3), 384.

Vargas-Martínez, M. R., Tavárez-De Henríquez, J. C., Colón-Flores, N. D. J., & Domínguez-Valerio, C. M. (2023). Business environment, attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions as antecedents of entrepreneurial inclination among university students. Sustainability, 15(16), 12280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612280

Verma, S., & Mehta, M. (2022). Corporate entrepreneurship and leadership theories: Conceptual review. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(5), 902-925. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2021-0329

Villanueva-Flores, M., Hernández-Roque, D., Fernández-Alles, M., & Díaz-Fernández, M. (2023). The international orientation of academic entrepreneurship: The role of relational, human and psychological capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 24(3), 683-709. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-06-2021-0157

Wathanakom, N., Khlaisang, J., & Songkram, N. (2020). The study of the causal relationship between innovativeness and entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00125

Yang, L., Mu, X., & Xu, Y. (2024). Influence of entrepreneurship curriculum experience on entrepreneurial intention. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 52(7), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.13032

Dimensions

PlumX