Introduction: With the growing demand for applications in the market, companies have increasingly focused on meeting the technological needs of the average user, often overlooking those with functional diversity. Consequently, accessibility has emerged as a critical challenge across various contexts, particularly within the educational sphere, where the diverse range of individuals accessing web content is particularly pronounced.

Objective: This paper presents a study centered on the accessibility inspection of six university websites located in the city of Cartagena. The primary aim is to ascertain the relationship between the integration of accessibility guidelines and web positioning factors as determined by Webometrics.

Methodology: The methodology comprises five distinct phases: website selection, tool selection for inspection, execution of accessibility inspection, analysis of obtained results, and formulation of conclusions and recommendations.

Results: The study revealed a correlation exceeding 0.8 between the local ranking of universities according to Webometrics and the ranking of accessibility issues identified through automated inspection tools.

Conclusions: It is recommended that educational institutions adopt automatic web evaluation tools to enhance the accessibility of their institutional websites. This regular review and rectification of issues represent best practices for improving both local and international visibility and usability.

---

Keywords:
Accesibility,
accessibility inspection,
functional diversity,
web positioning,
web accessibility,
Webometrics.

04_RSN_15(32)_23029_Analisis

Abu Doush, I., Sultan, K., Al-Betar, M. A., Almeraj, Z., Alyasseri, Z. A. A., & Awadallah, M. A. (2023). Web accessibility automatic evaluation tools: To what extent can they be automated? CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction, 5(3), 288-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42486-023-00127-8

Abumalloh, R. A., Asadi, S., Nilashi, M., Minaei-Bidgoli, B., Nayer, F. K., Samad, S., Mohd, S., & Ibrahim, O. (2021). The impact of coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) on education: The role of virtual and remote laboratories in education. Technology in Society, 67, 101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHSOC.2021.101728

Acosta-Vargas, P., Ramos, C., Salvador-Ullauri, L., & Chanchí, G. E. (2020). Improve accessibility and visibility of selected university websites. In Advances in Human Factors and Systems Interaction (pp. 229-235). Springer.

Almetwazi, M., Alzoman, N., Al-Massarani, S., & Alshamsan, A. (2020). COVID-19 impact on pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and opportunities. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(11), 1431-1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.008

Angarita-López, R., Fernández-Morales, F., Niño-Vega, J., Duarte, J., & Gutierrez-Barrios, G. (2020). Accesibilidad de las revistas colombianas del área de humanidades bajo las pautas WCAG 2.1. Revista Espacios, 41(4), 18.

Baldiris, S., Mancera, L., Vargas, D., & Velez, G. (2019). Accessibility evaluation of web content that support the mathematics, geometry and physics’s teaching and learning. Proceedings-IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, ICALT 2019, 295-297. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2019.00094

Chacón-Medina, A., Chacón-López, H., López-Justicia, M. D., & Fernández-Jiménez, C. (2013). Dificultades en la accesibilidad web de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a la Norma WCAG 2.0. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.3989/redc.2013.4.1009

Chadli, F. E., Gretete, D., & Moumen, A. (2023). Comparison of free and open source WCAG accessibility evaluation tools. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Networking, Intelligent Systems & Security, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3607720.3607722

Chanchí, G. E., & Hernandez-Londoño, C. E. (2020). Estrategia basada en TIC para la organización de ferias virtuales de divulgación académica durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Revista Espacios, 41(42), 66-80.

Chanchí-Golondrino, G. E., Gómez-Álvarez, M. C., & Campo-Muñoz, W. Y. (2020). Propuesta de una herramienta de inspección según los atributos de usabilidad de Nielsen. Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, E26, 448-460.

Chanchí-Golondrino, G. E., Ospina-Alarcón, M. A., & Pérez, J. L. (2020). Inspección de accesibilidad mínima sobre el portal de turismo del Instituto de Cultura y Turismo de BolívarColombia. Revista Espacios, 41(50), 61-73.

Chanchí-Golondrino, G. E., Ospina-Alarcón, M., & Rico-Rodríguez, F. (2022). Propuesta de un conjunto de recomendaciones de accesibilidad para mejorar el posicionamiento de portales web empresariales. Revista Científica, 45(3). https://doi.org/10.14483/23448350.19374

Chanchí-Golondrino, G. E., Ospino-Pinedo, M. E., & García-Bolaños, M. A. (2021). Emociones y sentimientos en docentes universitarios durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(5), 123-139.

Cortés-Fandiño, J. E. (2022). Accesibilidad web de las entidades públicas colombianas. Uniminuto. https://repository.uniminuto.edu/bitstream/10656/15089/3/Libro_Accesibilidad Web de las entidades publicas colombianas_2022.pdf

Dangol, P. (2023). Website accessibility evaluation of the federal government of Nepal. Universal Access in the Information Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-023-01076-w

Fayyaz, N., Khusro, S., & Imranuddin (2023). Enhancing accessibility for the blind and visually impaired: Presenting semantic information in PDF tables. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 35(7), 101617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101617

Fernández-Díaz, E., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., Iglesias-Sánchez, P. P., & de las Heras-Pedrosa, C. (2023). Digital accessibility of smart cities-tourism for all and reducing inequalities: Tourism Agenda 2030. Tourism Review, 78(2), 361-380. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2022-0091

Fernández-Díaz, E., Jambrino-Maldonado, M. C., & Iglesias-Sánchez, P. (2019). Accesibilidad web. La nueva era de las WCAG 2.1, la transición a las futuras WCAG 3.0. Revista Internacional de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología, 7(2). https://gecontec.org/index.php/unesco/article/view/136/122

Fgee, E.-B., Abakar, H. A., & Elhounie, A. (2010). Enhancement of educational institutions dynamic websites by adding security and accesibility. 2010 Fourth International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1109/NGMAST.2010.29

González, A. (2019). Webometrics: el ranking de la excelencia universitaria. Hiperestrategia.

Hassan, Y. (2015). Experiencia de usuario: principios y métodos. https://yusef.es/Experiencia_de_Usuario.pdf

Havik, T., & Ingul, J. M. (2022). Remote education/homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic, school attendance problems, and school return–teachers’ experiences and reflections. Frontiers in Education, 7, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.895983

Hering, D., Schwartz, T., Boden, A., & Wulf, V. (2015). Integrating usability-engineering into the software developing processes of SME: A case study of software developing SME in Germany. 2015 IEEE/ACM 8th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering, 121-122. https://doi.org/10.1109/CHASE.2015.22

Jaume Mayol, J., Fontanet Nadal, G., & Bibiloni Coll, A. (2011). Análisis y procedimiento de mejora de la accesibilidad web. Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, 7, 61-73.

Jordanoski, Z., & Meyerhoff Nielsen, M. (2023). The challenge of web accessibility: An evaluation of selected government websites and service portals of high, middle and low-income countries. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1145/3614321.3614343

Junta de Andalucía (2012). Accesibilidad en aplicaciones web (WCAG). In Marco de Desarrollo de la Junta de Andalucía. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/servicios/madeja/contenido/subsistemas/interfaz-usuario/accesibilidad-en-aplicaciones-web-wcag

Kessler, M., & Pérez-Berenguer, D. (2023). Creating, consuming, remixing, and sharing accessible Open Educational Resources (OERs) using an authoring tool. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2023.2248175

Khawaja, P. (2023). Accessibility of public library websites in the United States. Universal Access in the Information Society, 22(3), 1047-1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-022-00866-y

Lamour-Moreno, E. M. (2018). El portal académico, objetivo y sus alcances. Revista Atlante. Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo. https://www.eumed.net/rev/atlante/2018/03/portal-academico.html

León-Sanz, S. M. (2023). Valoración de la accesibilidad en el Camino de Santiago. https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/handle/2183/33464

Luján Mora, S. (2024). Accesibilidad web. https://accesibilidadweb.dlsi.ua.es/

Mangiron Hevia, C. (2011). Accesibilidad a los videojuegos: estado actual y perspectivas futuras. Trans. Revista de Traductología, 15, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.24310/TRANS.2011.v0i15.3195

Naranjo-Villota, D., Guaña-Moya, J., Acosta-Vargas, P., & Muirragui-Irrazabal, V. (2020). Evaluación de la accesibilidad web en institutos acreditados de educación superior del Ecuador. Revista Espacios, 41(4), 5.

Navarrete, R., & Luján-Mora, S. (2014). Accesiblidad web en las universidades del Ecuador. Análisis preliminar. Revista Politécnica, 33(1). https://revistapolitecnica.epn.edu.ec/ojs2/index.php/revista_politecnica2/article/view/94/pdf

Othman, A., Dhouib, A., & Nasser Al Jabor, A. (2023). Fostering websites accessibility: A case study on the use of the Large Language Models ChatGPT for automatic remediation. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, 707-713. https://doi.org/10.1145/3594806.3596542

Paul, S. (2023). Accessibility analysis using WCAG 2.1: Evidence from Indian e-government websites. Universal Access in the Information Society, 22(2), 663-669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-021-00861-9

Pedroso Carvalho, L., Ribeiro de Souza, J. G., Oliveira Prates, R., & Pimenta Freire, A. (2023). SIM-SR—semiotic inspection method mediated by screen reader: Analysing the benefits of bringing communicability to the accessibility evaluation table. Interacting with Computers, 35(2), 276-300. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwad023

Percastre-Mendizábal, S. (2023). Comunicación, política y sociedad. Estudios y reflexiones contemporáneas. Universidad de Chile.

Pérez, D., Chanchí-Golondrino, G., & Vidal, M. I. (2020). Propuesta de un test heurístico de accesibilidad para sitios web basados en la norma NTC 5854. Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, E17, 168-182.

Persson, H., Åhman, H., Yngling, A. A., & Gulliksen, J. (2015). Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: Different concepts—one goal? On the concept of accessibility—historical, methodological and philosophical aspects. Universal Access in the Information Society, 14(4), 505-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z

Romañach, J., & Lobato, M. (2005). Diversidad funcional, nuevo término para la lucha por la dignidad en la diversidad del ser humano. http://forovidaindependiente.org/wp-content/uploads/diversidad_funcional.pdf

Tárraga Minguez, R., & Gómez-Marí, I. (2023). Accesibilidad cognitiva en el punto de mira. Análisis de una experiencia de futuros docentes sobre la evaluación del entorno. Aula de Encuentro, 25(1), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.17561/ae.v25n1.7253

W3C (2018). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/#:~:text=Web%20Content%20Accessibility%20Guidelines%20(WCAG)%202.1%20defines%20how%20to%20make,%2C%20learning%2C%20and%20neurological%20disabilities

Webometrics (2021). Ranking web de universidades. https://www.webometrics.info/es

Dimensions

PlumX